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Teaching Large Classes

 

       Gilberto  Teixeira,Prof.Doutor (FEA/USP)
 
As a norm now rather than the exception, large classes do not necessarily mean less effective teaching compared to smaller ones, but they do definitely require a lot more prior planning and effort to run effectively. Studies have suggested that (a) the quality of teaching and (b) the assessments provided are more important determinants than class size alone on the learning experience of students1.
However, an increased class size undeniably raises several inherent issues and increases the complexity of the teaching task: how to manage a larger and more diverse population of students (especially for cross-faculty module with students coming from diverse backgrounds and levels of competencies); the need for constant communication among members of the teaching team, tutors and students; how to cope with the greater administrative workload of monitoring students’ progress; and the challenge to promote active class participation. Some negative connotations and problems that many teachers often associate with large classes are summarised as follows2:
  • inability to connect with students;
  • difficulty in obtaining continuous feedback;
  • beeing forced to use teaching methods that lack student interaction, making the teaching less interesting/flexible/creative, and thus resulting in passive/apathetic/disruptive students;
  • limited assessment options;
  • administrative hassles [e.g. managing exams (from preventing cheating to holding make-up exams), spending too much time with students who constantly ask to be considered exceptions to the rule, diminishing class attendances]; and
  • Inadequate/non-existent support structure for teaching large classes (e.g. inadequate numbers, uncommitted teaching assistants).
However, students’ feedback often shows that large classes, like any other type of class, could still work well if:
  • students are motivated to take an active interest in the subject;
  • teachers personalise their presentation and respect their students;
  • teachers provide alternative avenues for feedback (e.g. in discussion forums); and
  • instructors are approachable, friendly and available.
These are really just basic principles of good teaching that would apply in both large- and small-class settings; large classes merely magnify some of the problems that might be much more manageable in a smaller class. Although these principles do not address the entire repertoire of issues relating to teaching large classes, they definitely deal with at least two-thirds of the problems based on the experiences of most teachers.
The students’ active interest can be instilled if instructors take the time to explain difficult concepts, and truly come across as wanting the students to understand rather than trying to just complete a syllabus. Lectures are to be engaging and fun, but yet substantial. Some effective yet simple methods that are often taken for granted are:
  • connecting the concepts being taught to real-life examples (e.g. by using exciting daily newspaper/web articles and text) and making them relevant to learners;
  • relating interesting but relevant stories (e.g. historic perspective of scientific discoveries, anecdotal events) to keep students’ attention;
  • making learning fun and engaging (e.g. cracking occasional jokes, participating in out-of-the-box activities);
  • asking provoking questions; and
  • moving closer to the students during lectures rather than just standing on the podium!
Some other methods of dealing with large classes are as follows:
  • Teaching and supportive materials that allow students to explore further and deeper into the subject matter should be readily and easily accessible. Textbooks and access to supportive materials must be available (e.g. online resources with copyrights obtained from publishers). In the NUS context, lecture materials should also be placed on the course website to enable easy download. (Note: Avoid large and colourful files. Keep them simple but yet useful.)
  • Pace the curriculum evenly among the different concepts. I have once heard Professor Ivan Png saying, “Less is more,” an adage that is particularly relevant in a large-class setting. Understanding key concepts should be emphasised rather than knowing a lot of details.
  • Assessment tasks can form another mode of learning. When designed to address specific issues/concepts or to reinforce what has been taught in lectures, assessment tasks can encourage independent inquiry into the subject matter and constitute a useful alternative to covering materials. Lecturers can spread the teaching workload by using tutors to follow up on such tasks.
References
  1. The Australian Universities Teaching Committee (AUTC) Teaching Large Classes Project. (2001). ‘Introduction: What’s Different About Large Classes?’. http://www.tedi.uq.edu.au/largeclasses/pdfs/LitReview_1_Diff.pdf .
  2. Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning, The Pennsylvania State University. (15 December 1997). ‘Summary of Luncheon for Teachers of Large Classes: The Best and Worst of Teaching Large Class Sections’. http://www.psu.edu/celt/largeclass/lunches/12-15-97.html.
 
 
 
 
As a norm now rather than the exception, large classes do not necessarily mean less effective teaching compared to smaller ones, but they do definitely require a lot more prior planning and effort to run effectively. Studies have suggested that (a) the quality of teaching and (b) the assessments provided are more important determinants than class size alone on the learning experience of students1.
However, an increased class size undeniably raises several inherent issues and increases the complexity of the teaching task: how to manage a larger and more diverse population of students (especially for cross-faculty module with students coming from diverse backgrounds and levels of competencies); the need for constant communication among members of the teaching team, tutors and students; how to cope with the greater administrative workload of monitoring students’ progress; and the challenge to promote active class participation. Some negative connotations and problems that many teachers often associate with large classes are summarised as follows2:
  • inability to connect with students;
  • forced to use teaching methods that lack student interaction, making the teaching less interesting/flexible/creative, and thus resulting in passive/apathetic/disruptive students;
  • limited assessment options;
  • administrative hassles [e.g. managing exams (from preventing cheating to holding make-up exams), spending too much time with students who constantly ask to be considered exceptions to the rule, diminishing class attendances]; and
  • Inadequate difficulty in obtaining continuous feedback;
  • being /non-existent support structure for teaching large classes (e.g. inadequate numbers, uncommitted teaching assistants).
However, students’ feedback often shows that large classes, like any other type of class, could still work well if:
  • students are motivated to take an active interest in the subject;
  • teachers personalise their presentation and respect their students;
  • teachers provide alternative avenues for feedback (e.g. in discussion forums); and
  • instructors are approachable, friendly and available.
These are really just basic principles of good teaching that would apply in both large- and small-class settings; large classes merely magnify some of the problems that might be much more manageable in a smaller class. Although these principles do not address the entire repertoire of issues relating to teaching large classes, they definitely deal with at least two-thirds of the problems based on the experiences of most teachers.
The students’ active interest can be instilled if instructors take the time to explain difficult concepts, and truly come across as wanting the students to understand rather than trying to just complete a syllabus. Lectures are to be engaging and fun, but yet substantial. Some effective yet simple methods that are often taken for granted are:
  • connecting the concepts being taught to real-life examples (e.g. by using exciting daily newspaper/web articles and text) and making them relevant to learners;
  • relating interesting but relevant stories (e.g. historic perspective of scientific discoveries, anecdotal events) to keep students’ attention;
  • making learning fun and engaging (e.g. cracking occasional jokes, participating in out-of-the-box activities);
  • asking provoking questions; and
  • moving closer to the students during lectures rather than just standing on the podium!
Some other methods of dealing with large classes are as follows:
  • Teaching and supportive materials that allow students to explore further and deeper into the subject matter should be readily and easily accessible. Textbooks and access to supportive materials must be available (e.g. online resources with copyrights obtained from publishers). In the NUS context, lecture materials should also be placed on the course website to enable easy download. (Note: Avoid large and colourful files. Keep them simple but yet useful.)
  • Pace the curriculum evenly among the different concepts. I have once heard Professor Ivan Png saying, “Less is more,” an adage that is particularly relevant in a large-class setting. Understanding key concepts should be emphasised rather than knowing a lot of details.
  • Assessment tasks can form another mode of learning. When designed to address specific issues/concepts or to reinforce what has been taught in lectures, assessment tasks can encourage independent inquiry into the subject matter and constitute a useful alternative to covering materials. Lecturers can spread the teaching workload by using tutors to follow up on such tasks.
References
  1. The Australian Universities Teaching Committee (AUTC) Teaching Large Classes Project. (2001). ‘Introduction: What’s Different About Large Classes?’. http://www.tedi.uq.edu.au/largeclasses/pdfs/LitReview_1_Diff.pdf .
  2. Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning, The Pennsylvania State University. (15 December 1997). ‘Summary of Luncheon for Teachers of Large Classes: The Best and Worst of Teaching Large Class Sections’. http://www.psu.edu/celt/largeclass/lunches/12-15-97.html.